Protection of the 6 T YBCO insert in the 13 T Nb3Sn Fresca II dipole

In the EuCARD project, we aim to construct a dipole magnet in YBCO producing 6 T in the background field of a 13 T Nb3Sn dipole FRESCA II. This paper reviews the quench analysis and protection of the YBCO coil. In addition, a recommendation for the protection system of the YBCO coil is presented.Comment: 6 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerlan

Progress on HL-LHC Nb3Sn Magnets

The high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at allowing to increase the collisions in the LHC by a factor of ten in the decade 2025-2035. One essential element is the superconducting magnet around the interaction region points, where the large aperture magnets will be installed to allow to further reduce the beam size in the interaction point. The core of this upgrade is the Nb Sn triplet, made up of 150-mm aperture quadrupoles in the range of 7-8 m. The project is being shared between the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the US Accelerator Upgrade Program, based on the same design, and on the two strand technologies. The project is ending the short model phase, and entering the prototype construction. We will report on the main results of the short model program, including the quench performance and field quality. A second important element is the 11 T dipole that replaces a standard dipole making space for additional collimators. The magnet is also ending the model development and entering the prototype phase. A critical point in the design of this magnet is the large current density, allowing increase of the field from 8 to 11 T with the same coil cross section as in the LHC dipoles. This is also the first two-in-one Nb Sn magnet developed so far. We will report the main results on the test and the critical aspects. 3

Paramedics' perceptions and experiences of pelvic injuries in prehospital situations

In recent years there has been an increase in pelvic injuries due to an increase in road traffic collisions (RTCs) (Chesters 2017). Two thirds of pelvic injuries are due to RTCs and the remainder are made up of pedestrian collisions, motorcycle accidents and falls from heights. Patients with fatal pelvic injuries more than likely die of exsanguinations and/or associated severe injuries (ibid.). Lee & Porter (2007) undertook a literature review to analyse the current practice of assessing and managing pelvic injuries in pre-hospital situations. They write that the mortality rates of patients with pelvic fractures are estimated between 7% and 19%, upon their arrival at hospital. The mortality rates of patients with ‘open book’ fractures can be as high as 50%. An ‘open book’ fracture can be defined as any serious fracture that causes the pelvic ring to open like a book. This is commonly seen in anterior injuries to the pelvis widening the pubic symphysis (Gerecht, Larrimore & Steuerwald 2014). Lee and Porter (2007) argue that paramedics can help reduce the retroperitoneal space that a patient can haemorrhage into, and therefore lower the mortality rates for patients with ‘open-book’ pelvic fractures. Given the high mortality rates associated with pelvic injuries and the role paramedics can play in reducing these outcomes, the aim of this narrative review is to synthesize existing literature about pelvic injury recognition, assessment and management in pre-hospital situations. The authors will also conclude upon any new insights or recommendations found following the review

Pelvic trauma : WSES classification and guidelines

Complex pelvic injuries are among the most dangerous and deadly trauma related lesions. Different classification systems exist, some are based on the mechanism of injury, some on anatomic patterns and some are focusing on the resulting instability requiring operative fixation. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic impairment of pelvic ring function and the associated injuries. The management of pelvic trauma patients aims definitively to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology associated to the mechanical stability of the pelvic ring. Thus the management of pelvic trauma must be multidisciplinary and should be ultimately based on the physiology of the patient and the anatomy of the injury. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of pelvic trauma and the management Guidelines.Peer reviewe

The adoption of energy-efficient technologies by firms

The transformation to a global low-carbon industrial production system is a precondition of mitigating the impacts of climate change. Accelerating energy efficiency improvement can significantly contribute to this transition. Among others, the IEA estimates that the diffusion of already available innovations still embodies a huge potential for energy efficiency improvement. The diffusion of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) is a complex process and, lying at the intersection between society, economy and technology, it is influenced by a huge variety of factors such as EEM characteristics, adopter characteristics and behavior, the information channels, the regulatory framework and various other contextual aspects. Most innovations (including EEMs) typically follow an s-shaped curve when they diffuse among the users. For EEMs, the (surprisingly) slow diffusion of apparently cost-effective measures has attracted much attention from researchers who have put forward numerous explanations for this. These comprise barriers related to risk and uncertainty, hidden costs, transaction costs and imperfect information, bounded rationality, split incentives and access to capital for financing. Empirical evidence for the existence of barriers for firms to adopt EEMs has accumulated and increasingly many and various policies have been developed and designed to overcome such barriers. In a world of constrained resources, it is essential to design effective and efficient policies that reach their objective at the lowest cost. Understanding of the underlying barriers pattern and the energy-saving potentials available, as well as their costs, form the basis for designing effective policies. While these aspects have been researched in the past, little attention has been put so far on the interactions between these dimensions and how they affect the impact of policies. This knowledge gap is the starting point for this thesis which aims to extend the basis for designing policies to accelerate the diffusion of EEMs in industry. It takes a comprehensive view by exploring the EEM potentials and costs as well as the adoption behavior of firms. A particular focus lies in the interaction between these two research fields. Thus, the main research question can be stated as follows. How are EEMs and the adoption behavior of firms interrelated and what does this imply for the design and impacts of policies in this field? As such, the research question has a wide scope drawing on the dimensions technology, firm behavior and policy. The first part focuses on the dimensions technology and firm behavior and their interrelation. First, the techno-economic characteristics of EEMs in the form of energy saving potentials and costs are analyzed (Chapter 2), before the adoption behavior of firms is assessed (Chapter 3). The following chapter explores the linkages of both fields (Chapter 4). The second part of the thesis then shifts the focus towards the policy dimension. This includes an ex-post policy impact evaluation (Chapter 5) and a review of models for ex-ante assessment of policy impact on industrial energy demand (Chapter 6). The policy-related analyses particularly focus on the role of barriers and EEMs